Urdu Alphabet- The three elementary wovels 1

दरअसल उर्दू में संकृत की तरह ही तीन मुख्य (Elementary ) स्वर या वोवेल्स होते हैं:

There are three main or elementary wovels in urdu:

Alif- (ا)
wav- (و)
Ye, Ya, Ya-e-mahroof- (ی)

Alif-ul-madd which is a derivative of Alif, is used for pronunciation of "aa"
For example, Lets consider the way we write "Aarzu" which means wish. Its a noun .


aa+r+z+u=آرزو


Ain is  (ع) a consonent which is used along with a wovel and it changes the form of that letter.This is the way its written. (عـ)
Lets consider a word

Ashar- اشر

Ashar means bad or wicked, however there's another way ashar is written

Ashar-عشر

This means tenth part.

urdu alphabet- P and CH Group

There isn't much difference between the way "P" and "CH" are written in urdu.  The words in "CH" group turn in the begaining whereas the words in  "P" group do not turn.
The letters are in the following order:

P group

P
PH
B
BH
M

and CH Group

CH
CHH
JA
JH
N

P=پ پـ
CH=چ چـ

PH=پھ
CHH=چـھ

B=ب بـJ=ج جـ
Now , lets look at the difference between these two. For example , a word like "Jala" which means to remove, to abdicate. There is another word which is "Bala" which means difficulty, trouble .

Bala-بلا
Jala-جلا

BH=بھ
JH=جھ

M=مN=ن

Urdu Alphabet- The difference between च and प

च और प के बीच भी आप confuse होंगे क्योंकि दोनों ही अक्षरों के नीचे तीन बिन्दु होते हैं:

च = چ چـ
प=پ پـ


तीन बिन्दुओं की बात निकली है तो श भी मत भूलियेगा , लेकिंग श को लिखते हैं स की तरह और तीन बिन्दु होते हैं , नीचे के बजाय , अक्षर के ऊपर ।

श=ش

अब आप लिखते हैं ,

चपल= چپل
चप्पल=چپّل
पचवाक (इसका अर्थ होता है अनुवाद) : پچواک

एक और बात चप्पल शब्द में प के ऊपर आपने (ّ) देखा,दरसल urdu में अक्षर को दोबारा लिखने के बजाय उसके ऊपर यह(ّ) orthographical mark लगा दिया जाता है,इसे कहा जाता है तशदीद ।
किसी भी अक्षर के ऊपर तशदीद लगा देने पर उस अक्षर का उच्चारण दो बार हो जाता है।

urdu alpabet - The palatals

The palatals jim (ج) and ch (چ) have their corresponding letters as ज and च whereas chh (چھ) and jhaa (جھ) have their reciprocals in devnaagri as छ and झ in devnaagri.Intrestingly when conjugated with other letters, the pure form would loose and the letters would appear in following form :

च = چ,چـ
छ=چھ
ज=ج
झ=جھ
The three dots below the letter denote ch or च (چـ) or pa or प (پ) , प and च should not be confused be confused amongst each other. "ch " has an angle above it where as pa is a simple line .

urdu alphabet

The Perso-Arabian charectars are arranged according to the similarity or shape,unlike the devnaagri charecatrs which are grouped phonetically।The urdu alphabet,It must be remembered is composed of the arabic,persian and hindi letters.

The urdu gutturals kaaf (ک) and gaaf (گ) , pronounced by lifting the root of the tongue at the throat, correspond to क and ग while kha (کھ) and gha (گھ) with aspiration have the same articulation as ख and घ in Devnaagree।

The harsh guttural "Khai" (خ) is pronounced with greater force and roughness and resembles
ख़

The soft guttural "ghain" (غ) is articulated well down the throat with a vibration and denoted by ग़

and the deep guttural qaf (ق) denotes क़

The Pharyngeal "ain" (ع) is indicated by by the spiritus asper (ء) followed by a wovel in devnaagri and sometimes is used for अ

There is a slightly pharyngeal (ۂ) which has its corresponding to ह in devnaagri ।

Now, There is another ( حـ) which denotes ह with a slight dot below it-The same way one would put below qaf as क़ and ghain as ग़ .unfortunately devnaagri doesn't have a letter defined and therefore it can not be shown.